Software development

In Scrum based development, this is possible and the testers have to pay attention to the metrics that they need to. The developers execute the unit tests as they develop code for the user stories. Unit Tests are created in every sprint, before the code is written.

Agile testing is becoming very famous among significant software development organizations as it a very customer-centric one that ensures a high-quality product. The first phase of the Agile testing life cycle is Impact assessment. Here, we collect the inputs and responses from users and stakeholders to execute the impact assessment phase.

Make Agile Testing successful

This plan has to be updated in each Sprint and is continued till the release. Testing is an integral part of software development and it goes hand in hand with the requirement creation activities. There can be a structured and systematic approach to testing in agile projects too. As there are multiple releases usually defined in Agile projects, testing plays an important role in the quality control of the product or service.

The following are the top ten Agile testing tools that can help deliver quality software products at speed and scale, without compromising security. Attending the initial agile meeting gives more clarity on the complexity of the product from early on. That is, brainstorm around various story possibilities and the corresponding risk factors.

In addition, it suggests a new way of thinking about testing and contains tips you can use to improve the quality of your products. Behind the Agile Testing Manifesto are the following principles which some agile practitioners, unfortunately, fail to understand or implement. We urge you to go through each principle and digest them thoroughly if you intend to embrace Agile Testing. On the right column, the original principles have been re-written specifically for software testers.

What Are the Main Advantages of Agile Testing?

It doesn’t matter which Agile test methodology you use — Scrum, XP, Kanban. The following are typically used for Agile testing methods. After the release stage, the product will move to the production stage. Enhancing agility through continuous technical improvement and good design. Software developers must act to gather daily throughout the project. Delivering valuable software early and continuously is our highest priority.

When testing becomes part of the development methodology, it promotes collaboration and iterations at every stage while ensuring faster software development and speedy deliveries. The agile test team should be able to create test cases post sprint planning. They should work with the development team in tandem to conduct testing at the end of every sprint. The knowledge of the Agile Testing four quadrants should further help them organize their testing roadmap so that everything stays on track.

Otherwise, delaying automation for the ‘perceived’ velocity of initial manual tests can be short-sighted and leads to a regression death spiral in agile delivery. Q3 (System-level acceptance tests) – validate that the whole system’s behavior meets usability and functionality requirements. These may include exploratory tests, user acceptance tests, scenario-based tests, and final usability tests.

Agile testing bridges the gap between the development and the testing phase of the SDLC, ensuring that the quality software is delivered at speed and scale. The result is a sentiment like, “As a , I want so that .” Developers can add further detail to a user story by breaking it into smaller user stories and grouping them into themes. Our depth of hands-on experience in a variety of industries gives us the ability to tailor and optimize Agile to each client’s specific needs based on their organizational context. Agility not only improves the software testing process but also adds flexibility and enhances ease of use. Thus, agility leads to a ‘continuous process improvement’, which significantly increases testing volumes because of satisfaction with the process. It is the major phase of the testing and most of the works are performed in this phase.

This improves the collaboration within the team and allows achieving faster test results. Other tests—such as performance, security, and user acceptance—are typically less collaborative and more challenging to write first. Nonetheless, developers should still perform these tests early and often to minimize surprises later in development. Agile testing is a continuous process integral to Lean and Built-In Quality. Agile Teamsand Agile Release Trains cannot go fast without high quality.

Requirement changes being frequent poses a challenge to testing. As the project progresses, one needs to adapt (maybe even improvise.)Requirement changes being less likely eases the testing process. Testing is conducted at the beginning of software development. In other words, testing is incremental and continuous.Testing is conducted only after the completion of coding. The success of a software project depends, among other things, on whether it’s the right fit for the industry it’s in.

Test Driven Development

A Tester in Agile team has to participate and contribute to all the project activities and at the same time has to leverage the expertise in testing. Behavior-Driven Development − In Behavior-Driven Development testing is based on the expected behavior of the software being developed. Kanban focuses on managing work with an emphasis on just-in-time delivery, while not overloading the team members. The tasks are displayed for all the participants to see and for the Team Members to pull work from a queue. Scrum is an Agile development method that emphasizes on team-centric approach.

Testing happens at the end of the development cycle. This design structure is sequential and relatively rigid, as little can be changed during the project. One of the main activities of traditional testing is comprehensive test documentation which is a mandatory part of any testing project. The second reason is that many pitfalls and delays are related to the lack of synchronization between departments which directly impacts the quality of the testing effort. In Agile, we build small integrated teams that help prevent many of these impediments.

• Critical to this process is the Agile testing life cycle.
• The tester conducts alpha testing before the software product gets launched in the market.
• Testers can utilize their curiosity and core strengths to make decisions about what to test on their own accord.
• And you figure out what exactly it is that you’re testing as you go.
• If the effectiveness remains the same/decreases, then the team needs to strive to have some changes in the automation testing strategy.
• When many changes take place, we can expect that the Test Status, Test Progress and Product Quality to evolve constantly.

Before beginning the software testing, the detailed design documents get approved in order to build the test case. What if a defect comes up late during the sprint or some defect that is directly not related to any of the stories taken up in the sprint? In such cases, a defect is raised and discussed whether it can be fixed in the same sprint and also how much effort is required to fix and retest it.

To finish the testing stage, the product is tested more relentless while it is in construction iterations. In Agile Testing, testing team get to know the product development and its quality for each and every iteration. Thus continuous feedback minimizes the feedback response time and the fixing cost is also reduced.

Instead, it is a continuous practice that runs through the software development life cycle. However, sometimes keeping up pace with the sprint-to-sprint testing requirement can get taxing for the Agile Testing team. Agile teams often rely on exploratory testing to conduct code tests based on experience, creativity, and expertise. This means that they do not have to rely much on documented processes and test cases, which saves them time and effort while executing the planning process. Thus, in Agile Testing where new requirements can emerge at any time, exploratory tests should be given precedence.

The dynamic nature of requirements poses a challenge when planning for sprints and the corresponding test cases. This means that the test cases drafted in the initial phases might become obsolete in the later development phases. The testing team’s responsibility is to determine when to stop the requirement flow and ensure product stability. In beta testing, the product is released to minimal end users who test and provide feedback. In Agile Testing, alpha and beta testing should be conducted with every release. Agile software testing is different from Waterfall testing in a way that Agile testing becomes part of the SDLC from the requirements gathering stage itself.

Agile is an iterative development methodology, where the entire project team participates in all the activities. The requirements evolve as the iterations progress, through collaboration between the customer and the self-organizing teams. As Coding and Testing are done interactively and incrementally, during the course of development, the end-product would be of quality and ensures customer requirements. In this type of testing, the test design and test execution phase go hand in hand. Exploratory testing emphasizes working software over comprehensive documentation.

Behavior-Driven Development (BDD)

Constant focus on quality of the product by the entire team. Look at the Big Picture − Drive development with business-facing tests and examples using real world test data and thinking about impacts on other areas. Automate Regression Testing − Design for testability and drive development with tests. Start simple and allow the team to choose the tools. Credibility − Ensuring the credibility of the test strategy, its implementation, and execution.

The primary purpose of this development is to emphasize the identification of business needs and outputs. And the development should be consistent to a business output. There are many ways to outline your Agile test strategy. You may simply outline the strategy in a document. So, there needs to be an Agile test strategy rather than an Agile test plan.

The defects that are detected are fixed within the same iteration. This ensures clean code at any stage of the development. No matter what testing methodology you use, a test strategy needs to define the testing approach, processes, and roles so that all members can get clarity on the project without any silos. Therefore, rather than mapping out activities in detail, teams should create a test strategy that provides an overall approach, guidelines, and objectives. The beauty of Agile is that these steps are repeatedly integrated to ensure that applications are updated following ongoing feedback and requirements. The right automation tool, is key to a successful agile development strategy.

Continuous Quality

With these and other testing methodologies, it can be difficult to assess which type of test should be run, how often it should be run, when it should be run, and who it should be run by. There are so many types of tests – acceptance testing, regression testing, unit testing, and more. There’s also the question of whether manual or automated testing is better suited for the current iteration of the product. It embraces the collaborative nature of Agile testing, bringing together customers, developers and testers to create acceptance tests from the customer’s point of view. Only once these tests have been created is the corresponding functionality developed.

Q4 System qualities test – verify the system meets its Nonfunctional Requirements . Typically, they’re supported by a suite of automated testing tools designed for this purpose. Since any system changes can violate NFR, they must be run continuously, http://clih.ru/1310page12.htm or at least whenever it’s practical. Agile testing matrixThe horizontal axis of the matrix contains business or technology facing tests. Written in business terminology, business-facing tests are designed to be understandable by the user.

While Scipy is a powerful tool for scientific computing in Python, it’s not the only option. Other libraries, such as NumPy and Matplotlib, also offer robust functionality for scientific computing tasks. Let’s compare these alternatives to Scipy and illustrate their usage and effectiveness with examples. In http://rudn.club/Glava%207/Index13.htm this tutorial, you learned about the SciPy ecosystem and how that differs from the SciPy library. You read about some of the modules available in SciPy and learned how to install SciPy using Anaconda or pip. Then, you focused on some examples that use the clustering and optimization functionality in SciPy.

Both NumPy and SciPy are Python libraries used for used mathematical and numerical analysis. NumPy contains array data and basic operations such as sorting, indexing, etc whereas, SciPy consists of all the numerical code. However, if you are doing scientific analysis using Python, you will need to install both NumPy and SciPy since SciPy builds on NumPy. SciPy is a free and open-source Python library used for scientific computing and technical computing.

What is SciPy?

When you execute the above code, the first help() returns the information about the cluster submodule. The second help() asks the user to enter the name of any module, keyword, etc for which the user desires to seek information. To stop the execution of this function, simply type ‘quit’ and hit enter. SciPy builds on NumPy and therefore you can make use of NumPy functions itself to handle arrays. To know in-depth about these functions, you can simply make use of help(), info() or source() functions. There are a variety of constants that are included in the scipy.constant sub-package.These constants are used in the general scientific area.

When you want to do scientific work in Python, the first library you can turn to is SciPy. As you’ll see in this tutorial, SciPy is not just a library, but a whole ecosystem of libraries that work together to help you accomplish complicated scientific tasks quickly and reliably. Numpy and SciPy both are used for mathematical and numerical analysis. Numpy is suitable for basic operations such as sorting, indexing and many more because it contains array data, whereas SciPy consists of all the numeric data.

Data Science vs Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence: The Difference Explained (

Eigenvalues are a specific set of scalars linked with linear equations. The ARPACK provides that allow you to find eigenvalues ( eigenvectors ) quite fast. The complete functionality of ARPACK is packed within two high-level interfaces which are scipy.sparse.linalg.eigs and scipy.sparse.linalg.eigsh.

• The scipy.constant provides the following list of mathematical constants.
• It adds significant power to the interactive Python session by providing the user with high-level commands and classes for manipulating and visualizing data.
• This function returns information about the desired functions, modules, etc.
• The second argument to optimize.root is our initial guess for the roots.
• Since LinearConstraint takes the dot product of the solution vector with this argument, it’ll result in the sum of the purchased shares.

Gift your viewers with multi-dimensional playback features to view videos at their leisure time. Contus Vplay’ CMS lets live-streamed videos to be stored to the content library that can be accessed later as on-demand videos. The type of content you will be adding to your platform as well as its frequency will certainly matter. For useful insights on the video content types look into your streaming app usage statistics and user behavior. Personalization of a platform has always been a priority for users.

It provides security by preventing breaking in transmission along with giving authentication. Encrypted data can’t be changed while proceeding through the web without disrupting it. It’s important to understand that a ready-made streaming website isn’t the final destination for you. To fill it with movies and series, you should own the copyrights for the specified content. So, you have to make arrangements with content owners in order to avoid trouble with the law. HBO Max purchased rights to air “Friends” from Netflix for $425 million.

How Much Does It Cost To Build A Video Streaming Website?

Don’t forget to also allocate the budget for marketing activities and to pick the best monetization strategy. Netflix’s conversion rate from free trials is an astounding 93%! You can find more monetization options in our article on SaaS pricing models. We are an international software development company and certified partner. Advertising is one of the means that can bring you profit as well. For instance, you can place an ad within a movie at any moment of its streaming.

• The number of users for live video content is predicted to increase to 164.6 million viewers by 2024.
• The above representation shows the complete architecture of a media streaming platform using various AWS services.
• Premium video on demand model is generally used to classify video content that has newly arrived which is otherwise known as “Blockbuster type”.
• There are many more fields and companies that can and use streaming services than some people might think.
• Which features should it include and how to monetize a streaming service?

Although you will need to hire a developer for the back-end, the design and structure of your website can be done with no coding knowledge or investment. With Elementor and WordPress, you can design a fully functional and cost-effective video streaming website. Elementor’s features, templates, and drag & drop editor allow you to custom-design your very own video streaming website.

How to build a live video streaming app for mobile and web?

To begin with, you can start offering users subscription plans and gain unlimited access for a specific duration. Scalability is one of the crucial factors for a video streaming business. And, the best part is you can build a streaming website get started, at any moment and make a video streaming website/platform of your choice which is 100% customizable. Like other household commodities, video streaming has become an indispensable part of households.

Thus, going through this stage and all its steps is essential for all startups. Before we move on and define how to start a streaming service, let’s first look at some statistics. If you have any doubts about creating a similar application, they will resolve any of them.

How To Create a Live Streaming Website:

Well, it helps you identify the scope and feasibility of your product. Timing Timing becomes an issue when you create a live streaming app at a global level. Further, in the procedure of how to make a live streaming app comes customer research. It is important to know what the customers need and what issues they are facing in the current scenario before the development of a live streaming app.

It’s much more convenient for users to access their personal data through an account. Besides, a streaming website can’t charge subscription payments from unauthorized users, so don’t lose your profit. Registration may be held via email, social networks, or Google accounts. Make the most out of a streaming platform by benefiting from our hands-on experience. You’ll get a sought-after live streaming service, allowing you to increase your business performance by reaching a broader online audience and fostering an on-brand experience.

Supports On-demand and Live Content

The demand for online movie streaming services is on the rise, and they projected the global video streaming market to be worth over $5 billion by 2025. Now that you know what steps to take in order to build your own video streaming platform, you may be wondering what features should be included in the said app. I’m also including some https://globalcloudteam.com/ tips on what these features should offer to maximize the user experience of your Netflix like app. Understanding what kind of people you want to target will determine the kind of content you want to offer . It’s important to do it at the outset of the video streaming app development as it will guide you throughout the process.

There are thousands of audio streaming platforms available in the market but only a small number of streaming service providers make their journey to reap a huge revenue. Thus such music streaming applications are built only by reputed audio service providers by implementing next-gen technologies and strategies. A live streaming application allows content creators to capture, broadcast, record, and distribute videos and events in real time. Live stream viewers can simply download an app to their mobile devices or stream content, and many popular social media apps offer live streaming capabilities.

How to Build Your Own Live Streaming Website

The AudiencePlayer video platform software is developed for small and medium-sized businesses that want to monetize video. It’s essential to protect your video content from third parties’ copying and reproduction. You can also use SEO optimization or ask your software provider for help promoting your live-streaming website. Finally, a media player on the viewer’s device (whether it’s a dedicated app or video player within the web browser) translates the information as visual data, and the video plays. Curtail limitations to accessibility for every login credential based on monitored login credentials. You can now easily control views in concurrent streams based on asset level.

Simply enter the URL of your website and click the “test URL” button to get the results. But that won’t reduce the load placed on your mobile visitors when they access your website. One way to make sure that your images don’t break is merely using a dynamic value for all pictures, as we covered earlier. Pages that load in 2 seconds have an average 9% bounce rate, while pages that take 5 seconds lead to a 38% bounce rate.

A flex container expands items to fill available free space or shrinks them to prevent overflow. These flex containers have a number of unique properties, like justify-content, that you can’t edit with a regular HTML element. You could also control primary attributes such as height and width within your HTML, but this is no longer considered best practice. If your landing pages aren’t optimized for mobile and easy to use, you won’t be able to maximize the ROI of your marketing efforts.

• Mobile Web starter stores are accessed using a smart phone or tablet device’s Web browser.
• File is used to deploy the responsive Aurora starter store for every device.
• Let us grab onto three of the essential tools that help in creating an excellent responsive web design.
• Back then in the olden days, you would have set a static value for every HTML element, such as 600 pixels.

The checkout flows include the store pages that are commonly viewed to purchase products in the storefront. They include checkout flows for both buying online and picking up in-store, and buying online and shipping to an address. Designers prefer using responsive breakpoints in order to decide what exactly does or doesn’t happen in each and every layout style.

While the design isn’t the most cutting edge, it’s responsive and adapts the two-column sidebar and main content layout to a single-column design on mobile devices. Ideally the concept of responsive web design will be extended past device widths to device capabilities and users’ needs. A fluid layout is considered an important part of modern responsive design. Back then in the olden days, you would have set a static value for every HTML element, such as 600 pixels. And with adaptive design, you will find a script that checks for the screen size, and then can access the template designed for that device.

Let’s say, the pages that are seen loading in 2 seconds have an average 9% bounce rate, and pages that are seen taking 5 seconds have a bounce rate of 38%. The code above embeds a YouTube video as an iframe and a div container with videoWrapper class. On desktop view, each menu item must be large enough https://globalcloudteam.com/ so that it can be pressed with a fingertip of a touchscreen. If that sounds too much to achieve, you can always either hire a WordPress developer or simply make sure your theme is already responsive. First, you want to test whether your site is mobile-friendly with Google’s mobile-friendly test.

Responsive Site Flows

They are typically installed onto a device using a storefront provided by the mobile device vendor. Mobile applications provide enhanced functionality over the mobile Web storefront by using device-specific features such as a smart phone’s contact list. WebSphere Commerce provides optimized starter stores for mobile devices such as smart phones containing Web browsers. Mobile starter stores demonstrate best practices in mobile store development with WebSphere Commerce, and can act as a base for implementing mobile storefronts. Mashable projected that by the end of 2013, in excess of 50% of their website’s traffic will come from mobile devices. Users with disabilities have also been flocking to mobile devices such as Apples iPhone and iPad, as well as Google-powered Android smartphones and tablets.

Their mobile layout brings it into a single column, focusing on the essentials, like recent purchase history, rather than the different section link icons from their main homepage. Below we will cover a few examples of responsive web design from different industries — and learn from what they do right and wrong. A new web designer or developer should probably stick with pixels for text because they are the most straight-forward unit of length in CSS.

Media queries can be used to provide different CSS based on device properties. These two media types, however, are not well supported by browsers and assistive technology. In general, though adapting the site to the device size by using breakpoints will help users who require magnification and reduce the amount of zooming required. Additionally, customizing the amount of content on the site based on the device width will ensure a more focused view of the content for users with cognitive disabilities. Following the steps detailed above will answer questions about how to make your website responsive.

So, with responsive websites, you can surely retain more clients in the long run. Simply enter the website URL, and the tool will show how the site looks on multiple devices . Picture, source, and img tags are combined so that only one image is rendered, and that it fits best on the user’s device. Naturally, a responsive website will have to calibrate itself for being accessed via touchscreens.

Fluid layouts tend to render content in the order it appears within the document object model . This is the same order that screen readers render content to users who are blind or visually impaired. Fluid layouts also call for relative sizing of content and containers allowing text and content to enlarge and automatically shift other content down the page. Most modern desktop browsers zoom feature magnifies the entire page and forces scroll bars and not just text. While this provides access it promulgates a lot of horizontal scrolling. More effective magnification requires a relative unit based fluid layout.

Several developers have suggested techniques to avoid or minimise performance problems with RWD. A polyfill is code that enables features to be used natively, if they’re available, or replicates them if they’re not. This can be very useful for achieving future-proof RWD across a range of browsers. Website publishers need to monetize their sites and apps, and many ads are not responsive.

Responsive Web Design Vs Adaptive Web Design

If you’re new to web design, development, or blogging, you might wonder why responsive design matters in the first place. And that improvement in user experience means higher conversions and business growth. So slapping your content What Is a Responsive Web Design And How To Use It into a single column and calling it quits isn’t going to cut it. Not to mention, you also have to consider tablets, 2-in-1 laptops, and different smartphone models with different screen dimensions when coming up with a design.

This results in a unique, end-to-end workflow for designing, assembling, and testing RWD pages. Using CSS to hide content in different contexts may not always provide the desired results with assistive technology. Manipulation of the DOM to add or remove page content should be used (e.g appendChild).

Additionally, 53.8% of web designers state that “not being responsive on all devices” is a major reason for a website to be redesigned. Naturally, website developers and designers put great emphasis on creating responsive websites in the first place. This article will explore some methods by which they can accomplish this, and test websites for adequate levels of responsiveness. 57% of internet users say they won’t recommend a business with a poorly designed website on mobile. This isn’t surprising since, in the first quarter of 2021, mobile devices generated 54.8% of global website traffic. Unfortunately Chrome DEV tools doesn’t account for viewport size, but only for screen size.

Responsive Web Design Rwd

In many countries, the number of smartphones has surpassed the number of personal computers; having a mobile-friendly website has become a critical part of having an online presence. HTTP 302 codes are useful to temporarily redirect website users to another URL. Learn how to easily set up and build a WordPress site offline in three simple steps using DevKinsta to provide local web development tools. Their tablet layout simply removes some of the white space and adds a scrollable section of icons to fit more content into a smaller package. Doing this manually can be quite time-consuming, but with a CMS like WordPress, it automatically happens when you upload media files.

The Modernizr library works on most web platforms and can be used to build responsive sites and apps which work in a range of contexts. A comprehensive guide to the viewport meta element is available on the Mozilla Developer Network, and there are a number of tools for viewport testing. For RWD to work, everyone involved in the production process must collaborate, including designers, coders, writers, illustrators and business managers.

The Beginners Guide To Responsive Web Design Code Samples & Layout Examples

During a customization project, you must perform architectural design even when you use a WebSphere Commerce starter store. To reduce the time required to document use cases for your store, a modifiable use case document is provided that clearly describes the functionality provided with a starter store. The account flows include the store pages that are commonly viewed to create and access user account information in the storefront. Preventing scroll bars by hiding overflow without a means to access content when it is resized is a accessibility violation.

How To Create A Responsive Website

If yes, then responsive grid systems should be the right choice for you. Website builders are an easy, quick, and very flexible way to create an excellent responsive website. They can fit well for both tech and non-tech-savvy people by offering an environment where one can create a website right from the scratch without even writing a single line of code. Accessible web design applies the 4 principles of web accessibility such as robust, operable, perceivable, and understandable. Also, it is essential to make sure that designs are intuitive in each and every layout and size – specifically the smallest mobile size.

In responsive design, a breakpoint is the “point” at which a website’s content and design will adapt in a certain way in order to provide the best possible user experience. A media query is a fundamental part of CSS3 that lets you render content to adapt to different factors like screen size or resolution. Responsive vs adaptive designThey are both crucial web design trendsthat help webmasters control how their site looks on different screens, but the approach is different. The difference between responsive design and adaptive design is that responsive design adapts the rendering of a single page version.

By doing so you can retain your mobile viewers and maintain your website at a very lower maintenance cost. But with the rapidly increasing mobile users’ viewership, having two separate versions of a single platform is very time-consuming and also requires high maintenance practice. Some businesses previously used to create two versions of one website, i.e., one for desktop users and one for mobile users.

Layout, Sizing And Grids

Source is used to reference a WebP image that can be used by browsers supporting it. A second source tag references a PNG file of the same image for browsers without WebP support.WebP is an image format with advanced compression for web-based images. NYT on mobile, tablet, and laptopOn desktop, the NYT layout reminds you of a traditional newspaper, crowded with visuals and different rows and columns of content. Make sure you always include a srcset that with different sizes of your photo when you add images to your pages.

For responsive design to work well, it is especially important to test sites and applications at different viewport sizes. The differences between ‘adaptive’ and ‘responsive’ have been summarised by Aaron Gustafson, often credited with inventing the term ‘adaptive design’. Marc ven den Dobbelsteen also used the term ‘adaptive design’ in his 2006 Switch McLayout article.

Fluid Layouts

Using CSS like this is how you make a design responsive when you combine it with a technique called media query. Whether or not WordPress sites are responsive depends on the theme of your WP site. A WordPress themeis the equivalent of a template for a static website and controls the design and layout of your content. Users on mobile devices also make up the majority of search engine visits. Responsive design can be used to give all your users access to all your site’s or app’s content and features.

These mobile platforms contain accessible browsers and support accessible features and assistive technology. Recent laws in the U.S. help to ensure access is available to advanced communication services on mobile devices. Ewer also suggests that providing different layouts for different browsing contexts is confusing to users.

The Concept Of Responsive Web Design

If so, inject a Use Current Location button onto the site in addition to the basic store-finder form. It’s easy to test this out, with tools like Remy Sharp’s responsivepx and Brad Frost’s ish. WebSphere Commerce object snippets are reusable pieces of JSP code that represent display properties of business objects, such as an address, a price, or a catalog entry. The content should align with our interest in web development and open source technology.